section 1: ionic and covalent compounds
vocabulary
1) Chemical Bond: the combining of atoms to form molecules or compounds
2) Ionic Compound: a compound made of oppositely charged ions
3) Covalent Compound: a chemical compound formed by the sharing of electrons
2) Ionic Compound: a compound made of oppositely charged ions
3) Covalent Compound: a chemical compound formed by the sharing of electrons
section summary
This section discussed ionic and covalent compounds, which are made up of two types of chemical bonds (vocabulary word 1). An ionic bond is a bond between two oppositely charged particles where an electron is completely transferred from one atom to the other. This reaction forms an ion. Ionic bonds require a lot more energy to perform than covalent bonds. Ionic bonds would then form ionic compounds (vocabulary word 2). Ionic compounds have four main properties which are brittleness, high melting points, and solubility and electric conductivity (which go hand-in-hand as you'll soon see in future lessons). Next, are covalent compounds. Covalent compounds (vocabulary word 3) are made up of atoms that share electrons, making them covalently bonded. Covalent compounds have three properties low solubility, low melting points, and electrical conductivity. The picture below may give you a better understanding of these two compounds.
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Section 2: Acids and Bases
vocabulary
1) Acid: any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water
2) Indicator: a compound that can reversibly change color depending on conditions such as pH
3) Base: any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
2) Indicator: a compound that can reversibly change color depending on conditions such as pH
3) Base: any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
section summary
This section discussed acids and bases. An acid (vocabulary word 1) is any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions (which form when hydrogen separates from the acid bonds with a water molecule) when dissolved in water. Acids also have a few properties. Acids have a sour flavor (ever tasted a lemon!?), they change colors when in indicators (vocabulary word 2: any substance that changes color in the prescence of an acid or base), they react with metals (usually producing hydrogen gas as a product), and when acids dissolve in water the solution becomes a better conductor of electric current. Acids are also widely used in industry and in homes, from sufluric acid in paints and detergents to hydrochloric acid in your own stomach.
Next, are bases (vocabulary word 3), which are any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions (which also give bases their properties) in a substance when dissolved in water. Bases also have several properties. Bases have a bitter taste and a slippery feel, they change color in indicators, and the solutions of bases conduct electric current (because bases increase the number of hydroxide ions in a solution). Bases also have many valuable industrial and household uses, from ammonia (found in most household cleaners & fertilizers), to calcium hydroxide (found in manycements & plasters). One must also remain cautious around acids & bases because many are corrosive (they may harm your skin).
Next, are bases (vocabulary word 3), which are any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions (which also give bases their properties) in a substance when dissolved in water. Bases also have several properties. Bases have a bitter taste and a slippery feel, they change color in indicators, and the solutions of bases conduct electric current (because bases increase the number of hydroxide ions in a solution). Bases also have many valuable industrial and household uses, from ammonia (found in most household cleaners & fertilizers), to calcium hydroxide (found in manycements & plasters). One must also remain cautious around acids & bases because many are corrosive (they may harm your skin).
section 3: Solutions of acids and bases
vocabulary
1) Neutralization Reaction: the reaction of an acid and a base to form a neutral solution of water and a salt
2) pH: a value that is used to express the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a system
3) Salt: an ionic compound that forms when a metal atom replaces the hydrogen of an acid
2) pH: a value that is used to express the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a system
3) Salt: an ionic compound that forms when a metal atom replaces the hydrogen of an acid
section summary
This section discussed solutions of acids and bases. There are strong and weak acids and bases. If all of the molecules of an acid break apart (to form hydrogen molecules), the acid is called a strong acid, but if few break apart it is weak. When all of the molecules in a base break apart (to form hydroxide ions), it is a strong base. Acids and bases also neautralize each other (neutraliztion reaction; vocabulary word 1) due to their opposite charges. If the water evaporates, the the left over ions join to form a compound called a salt (vocabulary word 3).
The pH scale is an indicator. The pH (vocabulary word 2) of a solution is a measure of the hydronium ion concentration in the solution. Seven is neutral on the pH scale. Acidic solutions have a pH value less than seven and basic solutions have a pH value more than seven. pH strips are also another indicator that can be used to find the pH of a substance. Different pH levels come out in different colors on the strips. The image below provides an image of what the pH scale represents.
The pH scale is an indicator. The pH (vocabulary word 2) of a solution is a measure of the hydronium ion concentration in the solution. Seven is neutral on the pH scale. Acidic solutions have a pH value less than seven and basic solutions have a pH value more than seven. pH strips are also another indicator that can be used to find the pH of a substance. Different pH levels come out in different colors on the strips. The image below provides an image of what the pH scale represents.
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Section 4: Organic Compounds
vocabulary
1) Organic Compound: a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon
2) Hydrocarbon: an organic compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen
3) Carbohydrate: a class of energy-giving nutrients that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; composed of one or more simple sugars bonded together
4) Lipids: a type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water; fats and steroids are lipids
5) Protein: a molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair boy structures and to regulate processes in the body
6) Nucleic Acid: a molecule made up of subunits called nucleotides
2) Hydrocarbon: an organic compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen
3) Carbohydrate: a class of energy-giving nutrients that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; composed of one or more simple sugars bonded together
4) Lipids: a type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water; fats and steroids are lipids
5) Protein: a molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair boy structures and to regulate processes in the body
6) Nucleic Acid: a molecule made up of subunits called nucleotides
section summary
This section discussed organic compounds. Carbon atoms are very useful when forming organic compounds (vocabulary word 1) because they can form four bonds. One of the most common types of organic compounds are hydrocarbons (vocabulary word 2). There are three kinds of hydrocarbons. Saturated/Alkane, in which each cabon atom in the molecule shares a single bond with each of four other atoms, Unsaturated (ethene/ethyne), which is when a hydrocarbon shares a double bond or triple bond, and Aromatic, which is when they are based on benzene.
Next, they discussed different biochemicals (organic compounds that are made by living things). The four kinds of biochemicals are carbohydrates (vocabulary word 3; composed of one or more simple sugar molecules bonded together), which are used as a source of energy, lipids (vocabulary word 4; doesn't dissolve in water), which functions include storing energy and making up cell membrane, proteins (vocabulary word 5; composed of amino acids), which regulate activities, transport and store materials, and provide structural support, and nucleic acids (vocabulary word 6; made of nucleotides), which store genetic information.
There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. DNA (deoxyrobonucleic acid) is the genetic material of the cell. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is involved in the actal building of proteins.
Next, they discussed different biochemicals (organic compounds that are made by living things). The four kinds of biochemicals are carbohydrates (vocabulary word 3; composed of one or more simple sugar molecules bonded together), which are used as a source of energy, lipids (vocabulary word 4; doesn't dissolve in water), which functions include storing energy and making up cell membrane, proteins (vocabulary word 5; composed of amino acids), which regulate activities, transport and store materials, and provide structural support, and nucleic acids (vocabulary word 6; made of nucleotides), which store genetic information.
There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. DNA (deoxyrobonucleic acid) is the genetic material of the cell. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is involved in the actal building of proteins.
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